Description of Highway Robbery.
Highway Robbery dispels a major myth that conceals enduring divisions
in American life. While many people view the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as the
end of government-sponsored discrimination in the United States, Highway
Robberyconfirms the obvious and ignored truth: equality in transportation
has been established in name only. Case by case, Highway Robbery shows
how—a half-century after the Montgomery bus boycotts—chronic inequality in public
transportation is firmly and nationally entrenched.
Coast to coast, equal access to healthy, reliable, and practical transportation
eludes many people, the majority of them poor people and people of color. The
effects of this injustice are broad and deep. Access to transportation, public
and private, determines the physical and social mobility necessary for admission
to larger social, economic, and civic worlds. For millions of people, exclusion
from transportation networks means drastically compromised life choices. Their
jeopardized health and limited economic opportunities are then compounded by
the day-to-day indignities and feelings of frustration and isolation resulting
from publicly funded segregation. Highway Robbery asserts that staying
the current course will further polarize communities on the basis of class and
color, and the powerful evidence marshaled by the authors in this anthology
demands that cities and states revisit their public transportation agendas.
Drawing on legal precedents, voices from the grassroots, and academic research,
Highway Robbery bridges intellectual disciplines and activist movements
by linking the national inequalities in transportation to larger economic, health,
environmental justice, and quality of life issues. The authors illustrate the
insidious contributions of transportation policy and urban planning to the establishment
and enforcement of racial and economic inequality. Written in recognition of
activists like Ella Baker and Rosa Parks, Highway Robbery lays the groundwork
for future transit rights organizers.
Contributors
Omar Freilla, Eric Mann, Stuart Cohen, Jeff Hobson, Brian Nogrady, Ayanna King,
Amy Menzer, Caroline Harmon, Nancy Jakowitsch, and John Lewis
Table of Contents
Foreword by US Congressman John
Lewis
Introduction by Robert D. Bullard
1 The Anatomy of Transportation Racism by Robert D. Bullard
2 Los Angeles Bus Riders Derail the MTA by Eric Mann
3 Dismantling Transit Racism in Metro Atlanta by Robert D. Bullard,
Glenn S. Johnson, and Angel O. Torres
4 Burying Robert Moses’s Legacy in New York City by Omar Freilla
5 Transportation Choices in the San Francisco Bay Area by Stuart Cohen
and Jeff Hobson
6 Transit Activism in Steel Town, USA by Brian Nogrady and Ayanna
King
7 The Baltimore Transit Riders League by Amy Menzer and Caroline Harmon
8 Just Transportation by Nancy Jakowitsch and Michelle Ernst
9 Building Transportation Equity into Smart Growth by Robert D. Bullard,
Glenn S. Johnson, and Angel O. Torres
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Excerpt
from Chapter One, The Anatomy of Transportation Racism, Robert D. Bullard
In 1892, thirty-year-old black shoemaker Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting
in a “white” car of the East Louisiana Railroad.1 His refusal to sit
in the “colored” car brought the weight of Louisiana’s Separate
Car Act—a 1890 act that provided separate railway carriages for white and
black passengers—upon him. While Plessy contended that the Separate Car
Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution, he
was found guilty. Plessy appealed the ruling to the Louisiana Supreme Court
and lost. Determined to fight for his civil rights, Plessy appealed to the US
Supreme Court, but lost once again.2
In May 1896, the US Supreme Court decision upheld the Separate Car Act of Louisiana
that called for segregated “white” and “colored” seating
on railroad cars. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision ushered in the infamous doctrine
of “separate but equal.” Reaching beyond the scope of transportation,
the Plessy doctrine embraced many other areas of public life, such as rest rooms,
theaters, and public schools, and provided legal basis for racial segregation
in the United States. On behalf of a seven-person majority, US Supreme Court
Justice Henry Brown wrote the following:
That [the Separate Car Act] does not conflict wit...
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Facts
PRINCIPLES
OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
WE, THE
PEOPLE OF COLOR, gathered together at this multinational People of Color
Environmental Leadership Summit, to begin to build a national and international
movement of all peoples of color to fight the destruction and taking of our
lands and communities, do hereby re-establish our spiritual interdependence
to the sacredness of our Mother Earth; to respect and celebrate each of our
cultures, languages and beliefs about the natural world and our roles in healing
ourselves; to insure environmental justice; to promote economic alternatives
which would contribute to the development of environmentally safe livelihoods;
and, to secure our political, economic, and cultural liberation that has been
denied for over 500 years of colonization and oppression, resulting in the poisoning
of our communities and land and the genocide of our peoples, do affirm and adopt
these Principles of Environmental Justice:
- Environmental justice affirms the sacredness of Mother Earth, ecological
unity, and the interdependence of all species, and the right to be free from
ecological destruction.
- Environmental justice demands that public policy be based on mutual respect
and justice for all peoples, free from any form of discrimination or bias.
- Environmental justice mandates the right to ethical, balanced, and responsible
uses of land and renewable resourc...
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Praise
“Highway Robbery: Transportation Racism & New Routes to Equity
presents an intriguing account of how highway, rail, and bus planning and implementation
have exacerbated racial inequities in the United States. [Highway Robbery]
shows that … transportation planners have systematically hurt minority communities
by depriving them of valuable resources, investments, mobility and by concentrating
pollutants which contribute to abnormally high asthma rates…. This book is
a must read for urban planners, policy analysts, health planners, government officials,
and community organizations interested in reducing racial inequalities, building
strong healthy communities and having transportation appropriately meet the needs
of diverse populations.”
—J. Eugene Grigsby, III, President/CEO, National Health Foundation
“Highway Robbery is the aptly titled treatise-cum-outcry against
one of the most-ignored aspects of our [nation’s] racial inequity: our
pricey car-based policies. Highway subsidies have run roughshod over any notion
of racial justice and these authors have laid out both the crime and correction
for this discrimination in mobility, equity, and livability in a timely way.
—Jane Holtz Kay, author of Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took
Over America and How We Can...
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